HB 1024 88-0 (2023)
Author: Thompson, Senfronia | et. al.
Relating to the value of a residential dwelling offered or awarded as a prize at a charitable raffle.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures
Laid on the table subject to call
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 1759 88-0 (2023)
Author: Bucy III, JohnSponsor: Alvarado, Carol | et. al.
Relating to ticket sales for charitable raffles conducted by the charitable foundations of certain professional sports teams.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Effective on 9/1/23
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 2138 88-0 (2023)
Author: Kacal, Kyle | et. al.Sponsor: Bettencourt, Paul
Relating to the sale of charitable raffle tickets by certain nonprofit wildlife conservation associations.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Vetoed by the Governor
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE | RAFFLES
SB 500 88-0 (2023)
Author: West, Royce | et. al.Sponsor: Thompson, Senfronia | et. al.
Relating to the value of a residential dwelling offered or awarded as a prize at a charitable raffle.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Effective on 9/1/23
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
SB 1582 88-0 (2023)
Author: Bettencourt, Paul
Relating to the sale of charitable raffle tickets by certain nonprofit wildlife conservation associations.
Senate: State Affairs
Referred to State Affairs
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE | RAFFLES
HB 72 88-2 (2023)
Author: Kacal, Kyle
Relating to the sale of charitable raffle tickets by certain nonprofit wildlife conservation associations.
Filed
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE | RAFFLES
HB 2168 87-0 (2021)
Author: Krause, Matt | et. al.Sponsor: Powell, Beverly
Relating to the repeal of a criminal offense for certain charitable raffle ticket sales by professional sports team charitable foundations.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Effective immediately
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 2757 87-0 (2021)
Author: Cyrier, JohnSponsor: Bettencourt, Paul
Relating to the conduct and promotion of charitable raffles.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Effective immediately
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Animals | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 3012 87-0 (2021)
Author: Geren, CharlieSponsor: Nelson, Jane | et. al.
Relating to charitable raffles conducted by the professional sports teams charitable foundations of organizations sanctioned by certain professional associations at rodeo venues.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
See remarks for effective date
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HJR 143 87-0 (2021)
Author: Geren, CharlieSponsor: Nelson, Jane | et. al.
Proposing a constitutional amendment authorizing the professional sports team charitable foundations of organizations sanctioned by certain professional associations to conduct charitable raffles at rodeo venues.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Filed with the Secretary of State
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
SB 919 87-0 (2021)
Author: Powell, Beverly
Relating to ticket sales for charitable raffles conducted by the charitable foundations of certain professional sports teams.
Senate: State Affairs
Left pending in committee
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | INTERNET | Occupational Regulation--Other Trades & Professions | RAFFLES
HB 115 85-0 (2017)
Author: Guillen, Ryan | et. al.
Relating to the value of a residential dwelling that may be offered or awarded as a prize at a charitable raffle.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Referred to State Affairs
| Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Housing--General | RAFFLES
HB 471 85-0 (2017)
Author: Johnson, EricSponsor: Hancock, Kelly | et. al.
Relating to permitting credit unions and other financial institutions to award prizes by lot to promote savings.
House: Investments & Financial Services Senate: Business & Commerce
Effective on adoption of const. amendment
| AWARDS, MEDALS, PRIZES | CREDIT UNION COMMISSION | FINANCE COMMISSION OF TEXAS | Financial--Banks | Financial--Credit Unions | RAFFLES | TEXAS SAVINGS PROMOTION ACT
HB 874 85-0 (2017)
Author: Kuempel, JohnSponsor: Kolkhorst, Lois
Relating to a charitable raffle ticket awarded as a bingo prize.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Effective immediately
| Amusements, Games, Sports | BINGO | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 1405 85-0 (2017)
Author: Gutierrez, Roland
Relating to charitable raffles conducted by certain professional sports team charitable foundations.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures
Referred to Licensing & Administrative Procedures
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 2764 85-0 (2017)
Author: Raymond, Richard Peña
Relating to charitable raffles conducted by the charitable foundations of certain professional sports teams.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures
Referred to Licensing & Administrative Procedures
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 3125 85-0 (2017)
Author: Kuempel, John | et. al.Sponsor: Hinojosa, Juan
Relating to charitable raffles conducted by the charitable foundations of certain professional sports teams.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
See remarks for effective date
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | CREDIT & DEBIT CARDS | RAFFLES
HJR 37 85-0 (2017)
Author: Johnson, EricSponsor: Hancock, Kelly
Proposing a constitutional amendment relating to legislative authority to permit credit unions and other financial institutions to award prizes by lot to promote savings.
House: Investments & Financial Services Senate: Business & Commerce
Filed with the Secretary of State
| AWARDS, MEDALS, PRIZES | Financial--Banks | Financial--Credit Unions | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
HJR 81 85-0 (2017)
Author: Gutierrez, Roland
Proposing a constitutional amendment on professional sports team charitable foundations conducting charitable raffles.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures
Referred to Licensing & Administrative Procedures
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
HJR 91 85-0 (2017)
Author: Raymond, Richard Peña
Proposing a constitutional amendment to authorize additional professional sports team charitable foundations to conduct charitable raffles at additional venues.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures
Referred to Licensing & Administrative Procedures
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
HJR 100 85-0 (2017)
Author: Kuempel, John | et. al.Sponsor: Hinojosa, Juan
Proposing a constitutional amendment on professional sports team charitable foundations conducting charitable raffles.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Filed with the Secretary of State
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
SB 1337 85-0 (2017)
Author: Hinojosa, Juan
Relating to charitable raffles conducted by certain professional sports team charitable foundations.
Senate: State Affairs
Referred to State Affairs
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
SB 1974 85-0 (2017)
Author: Whitmire, John
Relating to certain alcoholic beverage auction and raffle permits.
Senate: Business & Commerce
Referred to Business & Commerce
| ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE COMMISSION, TEXAS | Alcoholic Beverage Regulation | AUCTIONS & AUCTIONEERS | PERMITS | RAFFLES
SJR 49 85-0 (2017)
Author: Hinojosa, Juan
Proposing a constitutional amendment on professional sports team charitable foundations conducting charitable raffles.
Senate: State Affairs
Referred to State Affairs
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
HB 975 84-0 (2015)
Author: Geren, Charlie | et. al.Sponsor: Fraser, Troy | et. al.
Relating to charitable raffles conducted by certain professional sports team charitable foundations; creating a criminal offense.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: Natural Resources & Economic Development
See remarks for effective date
| Amusements, Games, Sports | ATTORNEY GENERAL | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Courts--County & Statutory | Courts--District | Courts--Prosecuting Attorneys | PROFESSIONAL SPORTS TEAM CHARITABLE FOUNDATION RAFFLE ENABLING ACT | RAFFLES
HB 1628 84-0 (2015)
Author: Johnson, Eric | et. al.Sponsor: Rodríguez, José | et. al.
Relating to authorizing a credit union or other financial institution to conduct savings promotion raffles.
House: Investments & Financial Services Senate: Business & Commerce
Vetoed by the Governor
| CREDIT UNION COMMISSION | FINANCE COMMISSION OF TEXAS | Financial--Credit Unions | RAFFLES
HB 2745 84-0 (2015)
Author: Capriglione, Giovanni | et. al.
Relating to the frequency restrictions on charitable raffles.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Referred to State Affairs
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Occupational Regulation--Other Trades & Professions | RAFFLES
HB 3093 84-0 (2015)
Author: Guillen, Ryan
Relating to the value of a residential dwelling that may be offered or awarded as a prize at a charitable raffle.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Referred to State Affairs
| AWARDS, MEDALS, PRIZES | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Housing--General | RAFFLES
HJR 73 84-0 (2015)
Author: Geren, Charlie | et. al.Sponsor: Fraser, Troy | et. al.
Proposing a constitutional amendment authorizing the legislature to permit professional sports team charitable foundations to conduct charitable raffles.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: Natural Resources & Economic Development
Filed with the Secretary of State
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
SB 898 84-0 (2015)
Author: Fraser, Troy | et. al.
Relating to charitable raffles conducted by certain professional sports team charitable foundations; providing penalties.
Senate: Natural Resources & Economic Development
Co-author authorized
| Amusements, Games, Sports | ATTORNEY GENERAL | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Courts--County & Statutory | Courts--District | Courts--Prosecuting Attorneys | PROFESSIONAL SPORTS TEAM CHARITABLE FOUNDATION RAFFLE ENABLING ACT | RAFFLES
SJR 39 84-0 (2015)
Author: Fraser, Troy | et. al.
Proposing a constitutional amendment authorizing the legislature to permit professional sports team charitable foundations to conduct charitable raffles.
Senate: Natural Resources & Economic Development
Co-author authorized
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
HB 457 82-0 (2011)
Author: Craddick, TomSponsor: Nelson, Jane
Relating to restrictions on the promotion and operation of charitable raffles.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Effective immediately
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | INTERNET | RAFFLES
HB 3113 81-0 (2009)
Author: Kuempel, EdmundSponsor: Lucio, Jr., Eddie | et. al.
Relating to the eligibility of certain nonprofit wildlife conservation associations to conduct charitable raffles.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Effective immediately
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Parks & Wildlife--General | RAFFLES
SB 1999 81-0 (2009)
Author: Lucio, Jr., Eddie | et. al.
Relating to the eligibility of certain nonprofit wildlife conservation associations to conduct charitable raffles.
Senate: State Affairs
Co-author authorized
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Parks & Wildlife--General | RAFFLES
HB 653 80-0 (2007)
Author: Chavez, Norma | et. al.
Relating to charitable poker runs that benefit certain nonprofit organizations; providing a penalty.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures
Left pending in committee
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Crimes--Against Morals | GAMBLING | RAFFLES
SB 1552 80-0 (2007)
Author: Hinojosa, Juan
Relating to allowing qualified organizations to conduct raffles using stored value cards and video displays.
Senate: State Affairs
Left pending in committee
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Crimes--Against Morals | RAFFLES
HB 175 79-0 (2005)
Author: Chisum, Warren | et. al.
Relating to allowing a lodge or other local organization affiliated with a grand lodge or similar charitable or benevolent institution or order incorporated under state law to hold a charitable raffle.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures
Laid on the table subject to call
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 541 79-0 (2005)
Author: Krusee, MikeSponsor: Jackson, Mike
Relating to the conduct of charitable raffles.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Effective immediately
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Crimes--Against Morals | RAFFLES
HB 659 79-0 (2005)
Author: Hupp, SuzannaSponsor: Fraser, Troy
Relating to authorizing a qualified organization under the Charitable Raffle Enabling Act to conduct a reverse raffle.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Effective on 9/1/05
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 1085 79-0 (2005)
Author: Dawson, Glenda
Relating to the maximum value of a charitable raffle prize.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures
Comm. report sent to Local & Consent Calendar
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Crimes--Against Morals | RAFFLES
HB 3296 79-0 (2005)
Author: Bohac, Dwayne
Relating to authorizing a general-purpose political committee to conduct a raffle to raise money for political purposes.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures
Left pending in subcommittee
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Crimes--Against Morals | Elections--Campaign Financing | POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS | RAFFLES
SB 766 79-0 (2005)
Author: Wentworth, JeffSponsor: Chisum, Warren
Relating to allowing a lodge or other local organization affiliated with a grand lodge or similar charitable or benevolent institution or order incorporated under state law to hold a charitable raffle.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Effective immediately
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 1813 78-0 (2003)
Author: McReynolds, JimSponsor: Staples, Todd
Relating to the conduct of a raffle by a qualified nonprofit organization.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Effective on 9/1/03
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 2056 78-0 (2003)
Author: Dawson, GlendaSponsor: Jackson, Mike
Relating to the maximum value of a charitable raffle prize.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Left pending in committee
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Crimes--Against Morals | RAFFLES
HB 2543 78-0 (2003)
Author: Bonnen, DennisSponsor: Jackson, Mike
Relating to allowing nonprofit corporations to offer limited cash prizes under the Charitable Raffle Enabling Act.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Left pending in committee
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Crimes--Against Morals | RAFFLES
HB 641 75-0 (1997)
Author: Haggerty, Pat | et. al.Sponsor: Shapleigh, Eliot
Relating to the maximum value of a raffle prize.
House: Licensing & Administrative Procedures Senate: State Affairs
Effective immediately
| Amusements, Games, Sports | RAFFLES
HB 59 72-0 (1991)
Author: Cuellar, Henry
Relating to raffles conducted by certain nonprofit organizations for charitable purposes.
House: State Affairs
1st Printing sent to Local&Consent Calendars
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 283 72-0 (1991)
Author: Willy, JohnSponsor: Montford, John
Relating to raffles conducted under the Charitable Raffle Enabling Act.
House: State Affairs Senate: Economic Development
Placed on intent calendar
| Amusements, Games, Sports | CHARITABLE RAFFLE ENABLING ACT | RAFFLES
SB 477 72-0 (1991)
Author: Krier, Cynthia | et. al.Sponsor: Madla, Frank
Relating to the number of charitable raffles that an organization may hold in a calendar year.
House: State Affairs Senate: State Affairs
Left pending in committee
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HB 240 71-0 (1989)
Author: Smith, TerralSponsor: Ratliff, Bill
Relating to raffles conducted by certain nonprofit organizations for charitable purposes.
House: State Affairs Senate: State Affairs
Effective on 1/1/90
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | CHARITABLE RAFFLE ENABLING ACT | RAFFLES
HJR 32 71-0 (1989)
Author: Smith, TerralSponsor: Ratliff, Bill
Proposing a constitutional amendment authorizing the legislature to permit and regulate raffles conducted by certain nonprofit organizations for charitable purposes.
House: State Affairs Senate: State Affairs
Filed with the Secretary of State
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Constitutional Amendments | RAFFLES
HB 928 70-0 (1987)
Author: Smith, Terral
Relating to raffles conducted by certain nonprofit organizations for charitable purposes.
House: Urban Affairs
1st Printing sent to Comm. on Cal.
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | CHARITABLE RAFFLE ENABLING ACT | RAFFLES
HJR 52 70-0 (1987)
Author: Smith, Terral
Proposing a constitutional amendment authorizing the legislature to permit and regulate raffles conducted by certain nonprofit organizations for charitable purposes.
House: Urban Affairs
1st Printing sent to Comm. on Cal.
| Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
HB 121 69-0 (1985)
Author: Russell, Sam
Relating to raffles conducted by certain organizations for charitable purposes.
House: State Affairs
Laid on the table subject to call
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLE ENABLING ACT | RAFFLES
HB 2079 69-0 (1985)
Author: Smith, Terral
Relating to authorizing certain nonprofit organizations to conduct a raffle.
House: State Affairs
Referred to subcommittee
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES
HJR 10 69-0 (1985)
Author: Russell, Sam
Proposing a constitutional amendment authorizing certain raffles for charitable purposes.
House: State Affairs
Referred to subcommittee
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
HJR 75 69-0 (1985)
Author: Smith, Terral
Proposing a constitutional amendment authorizing the legislature to permit and regulate raffles conducted by certain organizations for charitable purposes.
House: State Affairs
Record vote
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
HB 1744 68-0 (1983)
Author: Russell, Sam
Relating to the authorization of certain raffles and other games of chance.
House: State Affairs
Coauthor authorized
| Amusements, Games, Sports | RAFFLES
HJR 97 68-0 (1983)
Author: Russell, Sam
Proposing a constitutional amendment authorizing certain raffles for charitable purposes.
House: State Affairs Senate: State Affairs
Scheduled for public hearing on . . . . . .
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
SB 92 66-0 (1979)
Author: Schwartz, A.R. "Babe"
Relating to the regulation of certain lotteries and raffles.
Senate: State Affairs
Coauthor authorized
| Amusements, Games, Sports | LOTTERIES | RAFFLES
HB 350 65-0 (1977)
Author: Waters, Ron
Relating to regulation of certain lotteries and raffles.
House: Criminal Jurisprudence
Coauthor authorized
| Amusements, Games, Sports | BINGO | GAMBLING | RAFFLES
HJR 24 65-0 (1977)
Author: Waters, Ron
Proposing an amendment to Article III, Section 47, of the Texas Constitution, to authorize the establishment of certain bingo games and raffles for the benefit of nonprofit organizations.
House: Constitutional Amendments
Considered by committee in public hearing
| Amusements, Games, Sports | BINGO | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
HJR 54 65-0 (1977)
Author: Bock II, Bennie
Proposing an amendment to the Texas constitution to authorize the establishment of certain bingo games and raffles for the benefit of nonprofit charitable organizations.
House: Constitutional Amendments
Considered by committee in public hearing
| Amusements, Games, Sports | BINGO | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
SB 634 65-0 (1977)
Author: Schwartz, A.R. "Babe"
Relating to the regulation of certain lotteries and raffles.
Senate: Jurisprudence
Reported from committee favorably
| Amusements, Games, Sports | BINGO | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | Crimes--Against Morals | RAFFLES
SJR 2 65-0 (1977)
Author: Lombardino, FrankSponsor: Bock II, Bennie
To authorize the establishment of certain bingo games and raffles for the benefit of certain nonprofit or charitable organizations and to establish restriction on sale of tickets in lotteries or gift enterprises in other states.
House: Constitutional Amendments Senate: State Affairs
Failed of adoption
| Amusements, Games, Sports | BINGO | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
HB 1362 64-0 (1975)
Author: Waters, Ron
Relating to the regulation of certain lotteries and raffles.
House: Criminal Jurisprudence
Referred to subcommittee
| Amusements, Games, Sports | BINGO | Crimes--Against Morals | GAMBLING | RAFFLES
HJR 86 64-0 (1975)
Author: Waters, Ron
Relating to authorizing the establishment of certain bingo games and raffles.
House: Constitutional Revision
Referred to Committee on Constitutional Revision
| Amusements, Games, Sports | BINGO | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
SJR 8 64-0 (1975)
Author: Schwartz, A.R. "Babe" | et. al.
Amending Constitution to authorize establishment of certain bingo games and raffles.
Senate: Texas Constitution
Referred to Committee on Texas Constitution
| Amusements, Games, Sports | BINGO | Charitable & Nonprofit Organizations | RAFFLES | Resolutions--Constitutional Amendments
HB 35 31-0 (1909)
Author: Bowles, T. J.
Relating to amending Article 375, Title XI, Chapter 2, of the Penal Code of Texas, relating to raffles, prescribing a penalty therefor, and prohibiting the keeping for sale of any chance, ticket, or part ticket in any raffle of estate, real or personal, of any value whatsoever.
| Amusements, Games, Sports | Crimes--Against Morals | RAFFLES
